Facial palsy is a serious disorder with serious complications.
Causes of Facial nerve paralysis are discussed in details and figures here.
Pathology of facial paralysis
1- Neurapraxia:
- Definition: Functional conduction nerve block.
2- Wallerian degeneration:
a) Axonotmesis:
- Definition: Degeneration of the nerve axon, but the nerve sheath remains intact.
- Prognosis: The nerve axon grows inside the nerve sheath at a rate of 1 mm/day. Spontaneous recovery occurs, but is delayed (2-3 months) and maybe incomplete.
b) Neurotmesis:
- Definition: Degeneration of the nerve axon and nerve sheath.
- Prognosis: worst. Spontaneous recovery is always incomplete and delayed up to one year.
Clinical picture of facial paralysis
Depends on site of lesion.
In LMNL:
A. Paralysis of muscles of the face (Motor):
- Inability to raise eye brow (occipito frontalis).
- Inability to close eyes firmly (orbicularis oculi).
- Inability to whistle (orbicularis oris).
- Food collects beneath cheek (buccinator).
- Deviation of angle of mouth to healthy side upon smiling, drooping of angle of month on affected side, dripping of saliva & loss of nasolabial fold (levator anguli oris).
B. Sensory and parasympathetic affection
- Affection of GSP: decreased lacrimation.
- Affection of nerve to stapedius: hyperacusis (disturbed hearing).
- Affection of chorda tympani: metallic taste.
Determine:
- Tone: by comparing both sides at rest.
- Power: by comparing both sides during movement.
- Degree: partial or complete paralysis.
Differentiation between UMN and LMN paralysis:
N.B: In UMN facial paralysis only the lower half of the face is paralyzed, this is because the upper part of the motor facial nucleus supplying the upper part of the face is bilaterally represented in the cerebral cortex.
Leveling of LMN facial paralysis:
According to presentation.
Investigations to confirm diagnosis:
A- To identify the cause:
- CT scans of brain and petrous bone to show fractures, cholesteatoma, or tumors.
- MRI petrous bone to show tumors especially facial neuroma.
- Audiogram (PTA).
B- To detect the level of the lesion:
- Schirmer’s test (test for lacrimation): It is significant when the differences between the
- Stapedial reflex.
- Taste sensation:
a- Qualitative: compare taste of different staff applied to the lateral edge of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue.
b- Quantitative: electrogustometry.
4. Submandibular salivary flow test.
C- Electrophysiological studies:
Developed to evaluate the degree of facial nerve dysfunction, and the potential for recovery, they are used only in patients with complete paralysis.
They are: minimum nerve excitability test (NET), maximal stimulation test (MST), electroneuronography (ENoG), and electromyography (EMG).
Currently the 2 most helpful are: ENoG and EMG.
- Nerve excitability test: Determine the minimal electrical current in milliamperes required to produce a just visible muscle contraction, and compare both side, done 3 days after injury.
- Electroneuronography (ENoG), evoked electromyography:
- This is the most important test.
- Measurement of the amplitude of the summation action potentials of the muscles when a supramaximal stimulus is applied to the nerve and compare both sides.
- This is important to detect the percentage of degeneration, which is important to decide the way of management and prognosis.
- It is done after 2-3 days.
3. Electromyography:
- Fibrillation potentials indicates Wallerian degeneration.
- Polyphasic potentials indicate regeneration, and these are detected earlier than clinical recovery.
- Volitional activity: indicated that the nerve is in continuity.
General management of facial paralysis
1. Reassurance of the patient.
2. Care of the eyes: To prevent exposure keratitis and corneal ulceration due to lack of Bell’s phenomenon (frequent blinking):
- Artificial tears during the day.
- Eye ointment by night.
- Use of sun glasses outdoors.
- In prolonged cases, lateral tarsorraphy or gold weight implantation.
3. Care of the paralyzed facial muscles:
To prevent disuse atrophy and fibrosis:
a- Physiotherapy and gentle massage in a circular manner.
b- Infrared heat and galvanic stimulation.
c- When voluntary movement starts, the patient should start active exercises.
4. Treatment of facial paralysis according to the cause:
5- Rehabilitation
a- Dynamic: to improve the function of the nerve during movement provided there is good status of muscles.
- End to end anastmosis of the nerve.
- Nerve graft: The cable graft is obtained from the great auricular nerve in the neck, or from the sural nerve in the leg behind the lateral meleolus.
- Cross facial anastomosis: This is an anastomosis between the facial nerves of both sides, through a supralabial tunnel, using the sural nerve.
- Hypoglosso – facial anastmosis.
b- Static: to improve the appearance of the face at rest.
- Implantation of fascia lata slings.
- Regional muscle transplantation e.g. temporalis muscle in the cheek.
Results of facial paralysis
1- Contractures due to fibrosis of denervated muscles.
2- Tics and spasms.
3-Cross innervation due to misdirection of the regenerating fibers, resulting in:
A-Synkinesis. B-Crocodile tears: This is lacrimation while eating.
Important causes of facial paralysis
- Bell’s palsy. -Traumatic facial paralysis. - Herpes zoster oticus. -Active otitis media.
References
References